CNC Machine Tool Maintenance Guidelines - Critical Factory Requirements

Proper operation and maintenance of CNC equipment can prevent abnormal wear and unexpected machine failures. Careful maintenance of machine tools ensures long-term stability of machining precision and extends equipment service life. This work must be prioritized and implemented at the factory management level!

▌ Maintenance Personnel Responsibilities

1. Operators are responsible for equipment operation, maintenance, and basic upkeep.

2. Maintenance technicians are responsible for equipment repairs and necessary maintenance.

3. Workshop managers are responsible for supervising all operators and equipment maintenance throughout the workshop.

▌ Basic Requirements for CNC Equipment Use

1. CNC equipment must avoid environments with excessive moisture, dust, and corrosive gases.

2. Avoid direct sunlight and other heat radiation sources. Precision CNC equipment should be kept away from high-vibration machinery such as punch presses and forging equipment.

3. Operating temperature should be maintained between 15°C and 35°C. For precision machining, temperature should be maintained around 20°C with strict control of temperature fluctuations.

4. To avoid large power supply fluctuations (greater than ±10%) and potential interference signals, CNC equipment should use dedicated power lines (e.g., a separate circuit from the low-voltage distribution room for CNC machines only) and voltage stabilizers to reduce power quality issues and electrical interference.

▌ Daily Precision Maintenance

1. After startup, the machine must warm up for about 10 minutes before machining; machines unused for long periods should have extended warm-up times.

2. Check that oil passages are clear and unobstructed.

3. Before shutdown, position the worktable and saddle at the machine's center (move all three axes to their mid-travel positions).

4. Keep the machine tool clean and dry.

▌ Daily Maintenance

1. Daily cleaning of machine dust and metal chips, including:

• Control panel

• Spindle taper hole

• Tool carrier

• Tool heads and tapered shanks

• Tool magazine arms and storage

• Turret

• X/Y axis sheet metal guards

• Machine flexible hoses

• Cable carriers

• Chip conveyors

2. Check lubricant levels to ensure proper machine lubrication.

3. Check coolant tank level and refill as needed.

4. Verify air pressure is normal.

5. Check spindle taper hole air blow function is working properly, clean the taper hole with a clean cloth, and apply light oil.

6. Clean tool magazine arms and tools, especially the tool grippers.

7. Check all indicator lights and warning lights for proper operation.

8. Inspect hydraulic unit pipes for leaks.

9. Clean the machine after each day's work.

10. Maintain cleanliness of the surrounding area.

▌ Weekly Maintenance

1. Clean heat exchanger air filters, coolant pump, and lubrication pump filters.

2. Check tool pull studs for looseness and tool holders for cleanliness.

3. Verify three-axis mechanical origin positions for any offset.

4. Check tool change arm movement and tool magazine rotation for smooth operation.

5. If equipped with an oil cooler, check oil level and refill cooling oil if below the marked line.

6. Clean compressed air system of impurities and water, check oil level in mist separator, verify proper operation of all solenoid valves, and inspect pneumatic system seals, as air system condition directly affects tool changing and lubrication systems.

7. Prevent dust and debris from entering the CNC unit. Workshop air typically contains oil mist, dust, and metal powder which can reduce insulation resistance between components or damage circuit boards and electronic components if they enter the CNC system.

▌ Monthly Maintenance

1. Inspect axis guide rail lubrication, ensuring proper lubrication of all guide surfaces.

2. Check and clean limit switches and stops.

3. Check tool clamp cylinder oil cup level and refill as needed.

4. Verify all indicator plates and warning labels are clear and present.

▌ Semi-Annual Maintenance

1. Remove axis chip guards, clean axis oil fittings, ball screws, and three-axis limit switches, verify proper operation. Check effectiveness of axis way wipers.

2. Check all axis servo motors and headstock for normal operation and unusual noise.

3. Change hydraulic unit oil and tool magazine reducer oil.

4. Test axis backlash and adjust compensation values if necessary.

5. Clean electrical cabinet dust (ensure machine is powered off).

6. Comprehensive check of all connections, terminals, sockets, and switches.

7. Test all buttons for proper response.

8. Check and adjust machine leveling.

9. Clean cutting fluid tank and change cutting fluid.

▌ Annual Professional Maintenance or Repair

Note: Professional maintenance or repair should be performed by qualified engineers.

1. Verify continuity of grounding protection system to ensure personnel safety.

2. Regular inspection of circuit breakers, contactors, and single/three-phase arc suppressors. Check for loose connections, excessive noise, identify causes and eliminate potential hazards.

3. Ensure proper operation of cooling fans in electrical cabinet to prevent component damage.

4. Investigate and address causes of fuse blows and frequent circuit breaker trips.

5. Check vertical accuracy of all axes and adjust machine geometric accuracy to meet or restore requirements. Geometric accuracy is fundamental to machine performance. For example:

• Poor XZ, YZ perpendicularity affects workpiece concentricity and symmetry

• Poor spindle-to-table perpendicularity affects workpiece parallelism

6. Inspect axis motor and ball screw wear and clearance, check support bearings at both ends of each axis. Damaged couplings or bearings increase operating noise, affect transmission accuracy, damage ball screw cooling seals, cause coolant leaks, and seriously impact ball screw and spindle life.

7. Inspect and change axis guards as needed. Poor guards accelerate guide rail wear, and significant deformation can increase machine load and damage guide rails.

8. Ball screw alignment: Some users experience ball screw deformation due to collisions or improper gibs adjustment. This directly affects machining accuracy. Loosen the ball screw to its natural state and follow maintenance procedures for installation to ensure minimal tangential forces during movement.

9. Check and adjust the machine's spindle belt drive system:

• Properly adjust V-belt tension to prevent slipping or loss of rotation

• Change spindle V-belts if necessary

• Check oil quantity in 1000r/min spindle high/low speed change pressure wheel cylinder

• Insufficient oil causes low-speed switching faults, seriously affecting surface roughness in milling and reducing cutting torque

10. Tool magazine cleaning and adjustment:

• Adjust magazine rotation parallel to table

• Change circlips as needed

• Adjust spindle orientation bridge angle and magazine rotation coefficient

• Add lubricating grease to all moving parts

11. Prevent system overheating:

• Check operation of all cooling fans in the CNC cabinet

• Inspect air duct filters for blockage

• Clean filter screens to prevent excessive cabinet temperature

12. Regular maintenance of CNC system I/O devices:

• Check machine signal cables for damage

• Verify tightness of interface and connector screws

• Check network cable connections

• Clean and maintain routers

13. Regular inspection and replacement of DC motor brushes:

• Excessive brush wear affects motor performance and can cause damage

• Inspect annually for CNC lathes, mills, and machining centers

14. Regular battery check and replacement:

• CNC systems typically have rechargeable batteries for CMOS RAM

• Change annually even if still functional

• Change batteries while system is powered to prevent RAM data loss

15. Electrical cabinet maintenance:

• Clean electrical components

• Check and tighten terminal connections

• Clean CNC system control modules, circuit boards, fans, air filters, and cooling devices

• Clean inside operation panel, circuit boards, fans

• Check connector tightness

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